kamikaze language techniques

164 Cards - 15 Decks - Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. His action (of returning home rather than committing suicide) shamed the entire family and the nation. Technical Communication, 46(1), 4254. Each, along with the imperative text, contributes to an abstracted, clinical perspective that dehumanizes and renders abstract the horrific act of these pilots suicides. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. (1992). Power and Conflict Poetry - Kamikaze (quotes) Flashcards Stackpole Books. Fourth, Manual 1 serves as an excellent example of authoritarian professional discourse that was apparently effective to some degree, in the sense there are no documented instances of Togo pilots defying their orders. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 12(48), 122. pptx, 673.72 KB. On the question of visuals, Dragga and Voss (2001) advocate that technical communicators should genuinely integrate words and pictures instead of simply juxtaposing the two on the page or screen (p. 271). What made the Togo pilots unique is their highly organized, even mechanistic operation, enabled by the language and structure of their manuals. yes, grandfathers We are not equating these with the Togo, but it is, again, hard to distance ourselves from the emotion inherent in an act that demonstrates a near-total disregard for self, even when the testimony of the pilot diaries suggests this was often a fatalistic veneer constructed to deal with an effectively inescapable fate. These manuals are excellent examples of how powerful the genre of procedure can be to normalize and rationalize even the most extreme tasks. While this is a high-level (for officers) manual, there are some vivid instructions for pilots such as this one. Best practice in image placement suggests that images are most effective when integrated in close proximity to the directive they illustrate. Together, these two manuals offer an important ethics lesson for 21st century manual writers. We regret that we cannot make any definitive claims about usability, but again, the lack of documented refusals suggests usability issues did not negatively affect the overall mission of the Togo. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 24(3/4), 105130. Overview - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize theme. Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. However, from everything about the Togo pilots that we have read and discerned, there does not seem to have been a practically significant morale problem among the pilots in that none are recorded to have backed out. This distancing move may or may not have been intentional but, regardless, a dialogue about the spatial proximity of visuals and the text they supplement is an essential one in which students should participate. Line-by-Line Analysis Beatrice Garland - Beatrice Garland is an English poet that won War II with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour (a the 2001 National Poetry Prize for her poem 'Undressing.' She wrote no poetry for some time after, instead focusing her Manning, A., & Amare, N. (2006). In this desperate context appeared the Togo, an abbreviation rendered roughly special attack squadron (Togo is principally used in existing literature but may be transliterated as Tog or Togoo), which consisted of organized and officially sanctioned groups of desperate pilots willing to fly their fuel- and explosives-laden planes directly into American naval vessels in order to damage or destroy them and, thus, to forestall the invasion and national defeat. AQA Kamikaze full lesson | Teaching Resources Later, as he looks down at the boats, the poem revolves around the glories of nature and the sea. a kamikaze pilot. The title of the poem is precisely the subject of the poem. 2368268). Manning and Amare note in their treatment of technical communication ethics that If we define all of ethics, as Peirce does, as the reasoned choice of actions to attain reasonably chosen goals, then this . Slogan 15. fathers boat safe. Rhyme 10. GCSE poem analysis: Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - Tutorfair Blog This attractive resource supports students' analysis of the poem, 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, including language techniques, structure and themes. Axell, A., & Kase, H. (2002). Technical instructions typically promote agency in the user by affording the opportunity to complete a task. The plane is nearly the same size as the target, not even an attempt at scale. There is also the related ishi o motte (to own a clear will): (22) Although whether they should continue to move forward if the [Togo troop] encounters an enemy battle plane while moving forward depends on the commands of the high-level commander, the attack force commander is to judge the conditions of that time appropriately and do his best to avoid the start of a battle. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. , or kami, refers to gods, the mind, and the soul. The pedagogy of manual writing can be enhanced by the use of such gripping examples, especially cross-culturally. Further research into military documentation, especially those not yet translated into English, from the perspective of technical communication and rhetoric would be fruitful. The two manuals are gripping case studies for discussion of ethical technical communication across cultures, in situational context, and as instructional genre, illustrating the power of written procedure to facilitate extreme acts. The New York Times. This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. We then rhetorically analyzed the text in a similar manner to how a wide variety of technical communication texts in the literature have been treated, such as engineering documents (Ding, 2001), 16th century commercial reports (Moran, 2002), corporate privacy policy statements (Markel, 2005), scientific papers (Reeves, 2005), and CEO letters (Conaway, 2010), among others. Both poems highlight the effects that conflict can have on families and men who go to war. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. The poem - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize Exposure is full of powerful images that evoke strong feelings of helplessness, danger and tedium. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. What seems to be an escape from duty becomes, again, the single path, which, according to the next directive, must be followed right up to the instant of death: (32) As for immediately before the crash, as pressing the elevator(s) (down) completely by increasing the speed, it is important not to lose the sight of the target by closing the eyes for a split second. Manual 1 is clearly a procedural document, given it is prefaced with an overview, includes step-rich sequential directives, integrates multiple headings throughout, and features multiple images. The word kamikaze means 'divine wind' in Japanese. We begin by providing some historical context as well as a discussion of Japanese military ideology in the last stage of the war; second, we describe relevant literature and our method of approach; third, we discuss our findings from our rhetorical analysis of the two manuals; and fourth, we note the special ethical concerns that the texts raise, before making some final conclusions. Revise Kamikaze Poem by Beatrice Garland - Beyond GCSE Revision Tes paid licence How can I reuse this? They are easy to remember if studied individually and demonstrate well the manuals assumption of authority. . If you are approaching the enemy from a height of 6,000 metres, adjust your speed twice; or from a lower height of 4,000 metres, adjust speed once. If you want to see what we offer first,sign up for a free Twinkl account hereand take a look aroundat our free resources. A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. The typical Togo pilot was from the upper ranks of university students in intelligence, sensitivity, and culture and most were volunteers. The pilots of these more conventional aircraft at least had a chance of returning to a carrier or airfield; the only chance for a Togo pilot to return was if he failed to locate a target. Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). Shame and Honor Teachit is a registered trademark (no. The work on this site may be copied and/or adapted for use in the classroom or for private study. A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. This advice is repeated in Manual 2, and the doubling suggests the advice was common. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. We explore rhetorical dynamics implicit within the text, the texts as part of the instructional genre, and ethical concerns particular to the context of the texts and desired actions they describe. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 25(3), 261273. (2016). He embarks on his final, suicide mission with thoughts of glory and his country filling him but then sees the world below him as he flies. While there were still thousands of Japanese warplanes left, since the disastrous Battle of Midway in 1942, there had been a severe shortage of skilled pilots that was now crippling the war effort. The words are spoken with wonder however. Upon his return, however, his whole family disown himincluding the poem's main speaker, his daughter. Pearson. A GCSE lesson looking at the AQA Power and Conflict poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. Japanese commanders did not know the atomic bomb that would destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki was coming, so they were facing, in their minds, a near-certain conventional invasion. kamikaze one of a group of Japanese WW2 pilots who flew on suicide missions samurai sword a traditional Japanese sword cairns piles of stones, usually to mark something breakers waves that hit the shoreline what is this poem about The poem opens with a kamikaze pilot setting off on his mission. docx, 36.18 KB. Hiding humanity: Verbal and visual ethics in accident reports. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 56(4), 294312. Kamikaze is taken from her first collection of poems, The Invention of Fireworks. (read the full definition & explanation with examples). Bernhardt, S. A. The major similarity between the two manuals, though, is their authoritarian, imperative tone. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 197214. 4. of, pertaining to, undertaken by, or characteristic of a kamikaze. Accordingly, the entire manual is in the imperative mood and the text in its original dialect is emotionless and dry; it contains no deviations from formal politeness, which contrasts its violent subject matter. Slangs 14. Furthermore, we suggest that, even early on, Manual 1 represents what we call, for lack of a better term, a closed procedure. Their attacks were unorthodox, but the equal of suicidal attacks has happened in wars throughout history. When you eliminate all thoughts about life and death, you will be able to totally disregard your earthly life. It also appears that this manual could be used in multiple Togo units as its orders are not from any specific source and are applicable to several tactical situations. Farkas, D. K. (1999). The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. Her research interests are in foreign language education in U.S. contexts and language acquisition of immigrants from Japan and the Arab world. Given the approach speeds of the planes being over a hundred knots, it is good advice for increasing the chance of hitting the target. The threat of invasion was real and the military situation desperate. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. There are only numbers and angles. pptx, 733.76 KB. Her research interests include workplace literacy, collaborative writing, and visual design. Ethical and intercultural challenges for technical communicators and managers in a shrinking global marketplace. Technical Communication, 61(2), 7694. Of particular interest, given the growing interest in intercultural rhetorics, would be not only drawing further attention to the context of military documentation but how different militaries have taken differing approaches to the same mundane task. Included is a comparative activity linked to English Language Paper 2. It is our hope that this rhetorical analysis sheds light on the phenomenon of the Togo attacks and opens up future fruitful analysis of other military manuals and discourse, particularly those from World War II. (Reprinted from Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism, 1992, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 78, 223231). Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. However, we found Farkass (1999) terminology particularly useful for our analysis: specifically, the four system states; desired, prerequisite, interim, and unwanted; allowed us to describe the subgoals of the authors of the manuals, and step-rich is a good description of both manuals as a whole in that they are more loosely constructed than the streamlined-step approach (p. 44). Technical Communication, 48(3), 265274. GCSE Subjects GCSE Subjects Art and Design Biology (Single Science) Business Chemistry (Single Science) Combined Science Computer Science Design and Technology Digital Technology (CCEA) Drama. Ding, D. (2001). Half way there he looked down at the boats below him on the sea and began to remember his childhood. The word was later used by the Japanese press to describe the flying units of the Japanese military that agreed to carry out suicide missions during the Second World War against American warships. Through our rhetorical analysis of these documents and their unique context, we show that they, through procedure, reinforce the decision to become living missiles as a rational choice. De Velasco, J. Method: We examine Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis of the two translated texts. Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. Garland was born in 1938 in Oxford. The word safe is repeated across two stanzas, perhaps reflecting the pilots desire for safety himself. After having prepared themselves to die, they fail to find their target, reaching an unwanted state, and instead return to base. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. In particular, Manual 2s author has correctly surmised that the Togo pilots would be very curious as to what would happen at the moment of their deaths and has accordingly surrounded this moment with images of comfort, detachment, and otherworldly surrealism. The last two stanzas of the poem are written in this way as the daughter explains the impact of her fathers decision to return home. The rhetoric of misdirection in corporate privacy-policy statements. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. He realized he couldnt commit suicide and returns to his base. Comparison - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland lesson, a part of the Power and Conflict anthology. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. Beatrice Garland. docx, 46.37 KB. A modern poem that offers an alternative interpretation of bravery in conflict: it does not focus on a soldier in battle but on the mother who is left behind and must cope with his death. The same goes for Formationsthere is no humanistic content, only triangles and lines. In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. 2 but my memory of it is sunlight-clear. We suspect these simple images were copied to chalkboards for use in pilot instruction and their abstract nature kept discussion at the level of technique. The main focus of Manual 2, based on the translated excerpts, is threefold: 1) mental and spiritual preparation, 2) technical instruction, and 3) vivid and lurid description of the suicidal act. It is inevitable that [we] predict various types of confusion and mistakes. A nation challenged: Notes found after the hijackings. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. The daughter imagines why her father chose to turn back, seeing the earth and sea below him and remembering his own childhood. This character originally looked a little more like lightening, which represented the ancient belief that such night-splitting events marked the arrival of a god. She is not smiling or crying. Loose comparisons could be made between the Togo pilots and the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who apparently had a highly religious Last Night document with detailed instructions (New York Times). You are two or three metres from the target. mother father grandmother brother and children all are mentioned in the poem. Michigan State University Press. The usefulness of prior examinations of instructional materials in the literature to our analysis is limited. Manua1 1 is 22 pages long on 5-inch x 3.5-inch paper. The pilot has a shaven head which is full of powerful incantations, both images more indicative of Buddhist or Shinto monks and priests than soldiers and pilots. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. It is difficult to draw a close link between seppuku and Togo suicide attacks, but they do have in common the concept of a suicidal act that grants or restores honor to the subject, family, or country. We placed a special emphasis when collaborating on what rhetorician Michael Leff has called the effort to interpret the intentional dynamics of a text (Things, 1992, p. 223) with the goal of producing an account of the rhetorical dynamics implicit within it [the text] (Legacy, 1986, p. 378). (p. 78). Worksheet. 2 Minutes on Structure: 'Kamikaze' - YouTube chattered and laughed. They are to be followed as closely as possible. Dive Bomber! Unusual and compelling artifacts such as these kamikaze manuals work well to bring alive in the classroom a usually mundane yet fundamental corner of technical communication. There is a brief glimpse of possible empathy in passage 3, as noted before, but it seems to be a slip of an otherwise authoritative mask. This basic outline is repeated in Dive II, which offers shallower and deeper approaches, respectively, described further in Sections 2630. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. There is a lengthy sequence dealing with the strong imagery of the sea and the power of nature. We can also surmise that this typical Togo pilot was also, by having these four qualities, susceptible to the authoritarian discourse in these manuals. This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. We have not yet examined the original, but we have a high-quality scan courtesy of the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots in Japan, where the original is located. Study Kamikaze using smart web & mobile flashcards created by top students, teachers, and professors. This suggests, then, the possible presence of an unwanted state. 291305). So, this meant "god" or "god speaking.". 3 for it seems I never saw it in that November. The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. (p. 82). Like what you see? The pilot in 'Kamikaze',who struggles between his love for his country and his need to turn around, and the mother in'Poppies',who longs to tell her son not to go to war, but also knows that she must allow him this freedom. Overall, during the war, Japanese pilots flew over 2,500 suicide sorties (missions with multiple planes and pilots, and not counting escorts or observers), sinking 33 American ships, killing 4,900 American sailors and wounding 4,800, with about 4,000 Japanese pilots lost (Correll, 2015). But what if the task at hand is to successfully kill yourself as well as others? Miller, C. (1984). Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Biology Paper 2 Unit 7: Ecology Key Words, Revise The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson: Power and Conflict Poems, AQA Power and Conflict Digital Revision Bundle, Garlands love of poetry came from her childhood, Kamikaze is featured in her first volume of work The Invention of Fireworks which explores both the East and West, The term was later used to describe Japanese flying military units, The tone shifts as the pilot sees the world below him, The poem switches to a first person narrative, The pilots own voice is never heard, perhaps symbolising his shame, Kamikaze presents ideas of Japanese national identity, The samurai sword represents ancient Japan and the notion of honour, Kamikaze pilots can be considered an extension of traditional Japanese honour, Initially, national pride is evident in the poem and ideas of state manipulation can be inferred by the pilots belief in his actions, The beauty of the natural world is presented to counter this belief, which ultimately changes the pilots mind, The pilots voice is never heard in Kamikaze, reflecting his disgrace at turning back from his mission. Suicide attacks were made by pilots of other nations, such as the Germans (Feifer, 2012), but they were not organized. It is also part of the more. The poem Kamikaze deals with elements of Japanese culture and the militarily sanctioned suicides of Japanese pilots during the Second World War. "the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" Language Techniques: Symbolism (geographical location), Imagery (paints a picture of his departure), Word Choice (allusion to being brainwashed), Metaphor, Simile (positive connotations), Simile, Symbolism (eternity connotations), Symbolism, Imagery, Italics, Sibilance, Word choice, Punctuation , Examples (direct quotes): Sunrise, Her father This pilot however turns back and is forever shunned afterwards. Third, the images in Manual 1 dehumanize and render abstract the horrific act of these Togo pilots suicides, portraying them as a mechanical, mathematical exercise. Kamikaze Flashcards & Quizzes | Brainscape For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem'Kamikaze'by Beatrice Garland and'Poppies'by Jane Weir. College English, 54(3), 255275. The way the content is organized. Yooryoo is the term used for plans and for the manual itself; it is a very serious word that means anything from outlines, key points, instructions, or a manual. green-blue translucent sea, and beneath them, They were expected to crash their warplanes into enemy warships. In the West, a military manual would generally assume there is at least a chance of returning alive. As such, it presents the national identity of Japan in various guises. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. She became an NHS clinician and worked as a researcher and teacher in the field of psychological medicine. Personification 13. The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. If the commander has doubts, he needs only to consult his manual. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. At least 250 carrier pilots, a years graduating class, were lost at Midway alone (Horne, 2012). This was analysed using the scores from the EdPlace database with all activities taken by students managed by parent accounts between October 2018 and September 2019. As such, the larger organizational strategy, or any graphics, are unavailable. Download. We would like to extend this further, in that students should be aware of the consequences of divorcing visuals from their context by including important images as appendices rather than integrating them within the text.
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