Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. 20. Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. How was Stalin similar to and different from Hitler and Mussolini? 81 - What was Castro's early ideology based around? The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.. Why were some Italian Fascists unhappy with Mussolinis early years in power? 1 E TNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS f2 ETNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS Alt aylk yaygn sreli uluslararas dergi mtiyaz Sahibi: Gler Kalay Genel Yayn Ynetmeni/Editr: Gler Kalay Yayn Kurulu: Prof. Havva KK ARSLAN, skdar niversitesi, Trkiye Prof. Babak REZVANI, Amsterdam niversitesi . Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) We have won power in Germany. Sexual norms were in flux. When nobody stopped them, they became bolder and more aggressive. 1.) David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. What similarities do you see between Italys racist ideology in Ethiopia and the ideologies behind European imperialism during the long nineteenth century? HITLER [speaking German]: Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system; 87 - How did the US respond to the Cuban Revolution? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Check the notes preview and download a free sample. One example is the Holocaust during the Second World War. In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws. Germanys fledgling democracy was profoundly tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. One-party rule seemed beyond their grasp. There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. On November 21, "squads" of Blackshirts launched an attack on the Socialists in Bologna. What shocked so many in Germany about the treaty signed near Paris, at the Palace of Versailles, was that the victors dictated a future in which Germany was deprived of any significant military power. Germany has awakened! To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. 81-82 - What events and influences caused him to adopt an increasingly Communist position? Green Politics Could Have an Outsized Impact on Trkiyes Elections, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. Both emerged as democratic post-colonial states. Standards of behavior were changing. The emperor Despite the cutting-edge manipulative tactics and tricks of many authoritarian regimes, they are not immune from what is perhaps the central political imperative of this century: the steadily rising demands of citizens almost everywhere for capable, effective governance. In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives. Estonias foreign minister, Margus Tsahkna, said he was seeking to find out why China has such a position or comments about the Baltic states. (May 2009), Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Stalin up to the outbreak of the Second World War. Sources in the CBI told The Sunday Guardian that the Bureau is likely to widen the scope . 2016. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. Germanys territory was reduced by 13%. This resulted in the Great Purge of 1936-38. In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. He served only a short jail sentence, and after the ban was lifted on his National Socialist Party, Hitler and his followers rejoined the battle in the streets and in the countryside. China respects the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all countries and upholds the purposes and principles of the United Nations charter, she said, describing the countrys stance on Ukraine as objective and fair. The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors.. Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to newly established concentration camps. The idea was that non- Italians could become Italian if they assimilated to Italian culture and pledged loyalty to the nation. - Explain the repeated waves of escape and the establishment of Little Havana in Florida, 98-9 - Outline the use of coercion by Castro as a form of social control. Direct link to 121931's post How was authoritarianism , Posted 2 years ago. These laws defined who had "German" blood and who did not. These groups, he claimed, were biologically different from "western Mediterranean" and European people. Adolf Hitler was not elected to office and he did not have to seize power. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. As a result of Mussolini's compromises, conservative and liberal elements within the state blocked most revolutionary goals of Fascism. They would destroy their political opponents and, under Mussolinis leadership, create a totalitarian state. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. The government responded inadequately, and blamed the situation on. The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. It declared a state policy of overt discrimination against Africans, Arabs, and Jews. Organized into collective action by the state, young people supplied political energy to Fascism in Italy and elsewhere. China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. The maintenance of power was dependent on the successful control of opposition.. But deep-seated attitudes about racial hierarchy played out during the conflict. Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. David Eacker is a Ph.D. student in History at Indiana UniversityBloomington. However, he was not a, A poor harvest in 1931-32 was made worse by Soviet economic policies. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. 95-6. Political Instability. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. Evaluate the treatment of religious groups and minorities in two authoritarian states, each chosen from a different region. In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. -Anti-semitism appeared a bit potentially to impress and imitate ally Hitler-- POPE DID NOT LIKE, Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI): 3. The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. Public domain. - abortion and divorce were illegal, -Racism appeared a bit in Romanita movement: 'prestigious race' needed to create and maintain empire To many, including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been stabbed in the backbetrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice. How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. 89 - How did the USA use economics to try and destabilise Castro? "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. Millions of veterans were crippled in body and in spirit. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. - Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion, the role of leaders, ideology, the use of force, propaganda. (Nov 2009), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. Paper 2 questions- Origins and development of Authoritarian and single-party states Emergence of Authoritarian States: - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system. Fascists portrayed the war as Italy's "civilizing mission" or the need for "military security". Mussolini, founder of the Italian National Fascist party, was among the first to experiment in this way. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. David Wong was a 20192020 James C. Gaither Junior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is currently working on a digital start-up. Yet many other authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning leaders have shown startling weakness in facing the pandemic, falling back on deeply ingrained habits of lying to deny inconvenient facts, spin conspiracy theories, and create alternative realities. Winston Churchill said the war left a crippled, broken world., TEXT ON SCREEN: With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? What followed soon after were two devastating wars. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . Main telephone: 202.488.0400 It got a bad name': the death of the post-Soviet dream, Russia-Ukraine war as it happened: explosion derails Russian train; at least 34 injured after Pavlohrad attack, Myhunting trip with Yeltsin killed off the Soviet Union, UKexpected to stop funding Chinese state-linked Mandarin teaching schools, Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 432 of the invasion, TheSoviet Union collapsed overnight. It is hard to blind citizens slammed by a national public health emergency to the realities of weak leadership at the top and incoherent governance at local levels. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. From this year onward, Italy moved closer and closer to the Nazi position. We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. The theoretical framework of this study on democratic and authoritarian post-colonial states is based on an historical study of the emergence of the dominant class forces that shaped the types of regimes found in Malaysia and Indonesia. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. David Wong was a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow with the Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural. The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. So was the number of parties and splinter groups vying for votes. In 1938 Mussolini published a "Manifesto of Fascist Racism." The leaders of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan both responded to the arrival of the virus by outright denying its presence in their countries. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader. In Turkey, last months lifting of many restrictions saw a spike in cases, but Erdoan refrained from reimposing another lockdown, fearful of the economic damage it would cause. The de-regulation of financial capital threatens to bring us back to capitalist authoritarianism that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. Crises states are induced by: War, including the aftermath of war. Examine the role of education and propaganda in the maintenance of power in Maos China. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Account for theineffectiveness of internal opposition to two rulers of single-party states. (May 2006), Analyse thenature and extent of internal opposition and the methods used to deal with this opposition by Stalin, Evaluate the contribution to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader? Authoritarian states DO NOT emerge in times of peace and prosperity. Four key weaknesses are manifest. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. 100. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) In Russia, for example, Putin devolved pandemic decisionmaking to regional officials more accustomed to executing his orders than responding to local citizens concerns. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. . -took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, -youth groups feuded Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. Its important that when it comes to China, the EU speaks with one voice If we dont do that, theyll have us for lunch, they said. Unpopular or tyrannical governments. In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. At home, meanwhile, the Japanese government increasingly pushed down any opposition to their war effort. After local resistance was crushed, Mussolini's regime established a tight grip over the region. Direct link to Faviel Rapalo's post this was cool. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. Unsurprisingly, the economic conditions in a nation have long played an integral role in the emergence of authoritarian states, with such an idea perfectly illustrated through the establishment of Benito Mussolini's fascist authoritarian state . 96. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the Citizens surging discontent toward many authoritarian countries may not necessarily translate into immediate political instability or change. Today, authoritarian regimes comprise only one-fifth of all states in the world (Marshall & Cole 2011, p. 10). The Chinese side respects the status of the member states as sovereign states after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mao said, adding that on the issue of territorial sovereignty, Beijings position was consistent and clear. EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. But it is likely to contribute to the significant authoritarian shakiness that has made itself felt over the past decade. For example, all of them embraced nationalism, and they all found ways to justify violence against civilians. Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Expositiona worlds fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. In lieu of claiming that the coronavirus was invisible and therefore not present, quite a few authoritarian leaders have made themselves invisible instead. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia, and used similar harsh tactics. The purge created an environment of intense political terror. Advanced, deadly weapons, including the use of gas by the Italian Army, made the fight pretty one-sided. This had important consequences, because colonial policy in Ethiopia provided the basis for Italy's antisemitic race laws in 1938. -Must give jobs to men A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. Such movements were a common feature of interwar fascism. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism.