The environmental impact of the use of nanomaterials in the cosmetic industry is tremendous as it would contribute significantly to the generation of global nanowastes which is followed by disposal-related problems as well as the risks it poses to the environment considering their long term management. This review gives a brief outline of the advantages as well as disadvantages of nanotechnology in cosmetics. The modifications of nanocapsules can also be achieved through the type of polymer and surfactants used. There has been the utilization of silver nanoparticles in toothpaste and shampoos as preservatives. The ellagic acid present in the pomegranate juice, which has the ability to protect the cells from free radical damage. The presence of a total number of series of branches determines the generation of dendrimers [71]. Figure 4. The nanomaterials which are used in cosmetic products should be subjected the further tests. The research on nanotechnology that followed, though, found that nanoparticles were damaging the environment by destroying useful microorganisms. The pollution caused by nanotechnology is known as nano pollution. The brief outline of their methods of synthesis has been summarised in table 1. Iron oxide nanoparticles in the concentration of 0.110 g per ml did not affect the cell lines (normal cell lines, glial cell lines and breast cancer cell lines ) revealing the biocompatible nature of nanoparticles [191]. The use of silver nanoparticles in peel-off face mask formulation was also possible. The cosmetic companies such as Dow Chemical Company, L'Oral, Revlon, and Unilever, have registered patents on dendrimer-dependent cosmetic preparations for various applications for skin, nail, and hair care products. The phosphatidylcholine type of phospholipid present in liposomes can soften and condition due to which these can be used in various shampoos and conditioners. Export citation and abstract These are used as vehicles for the slow, controlled delivery of active ingredients at the desired site. Number 2 Both zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles are common ingredients of sunscreen. 2 ). Different nanoparticles have been incorporated in lip balms, lip gloss and lipstick in order to trap the moisture within the lips thereby retaining its softness. The integration of nanoparticles in cosmetics is gaining demand because of their high surface-to-volume ratio which helps in better penetration through the skin [37]. There are still some ambiguities with respect to the exposure of nanomaterials and penetration through the first layer of skin and this may lead the toxic effects. Besides these characteristics, the antifungal and antibacterial nature of gold nanoparticles is also beneficial. Copyright (2019) from Elsevier. Nanotechnology can also be used to improve air quality, which continues to get worse around the world every year from the release of pollutants by industrial activities. The nanoparticles present in cosmetic products can behave as active ingredients, carriers, consistency-enhancing components, improving the efficacy of cosmetic products. Nanotechnology-based technology has been extensively used in various hair care products such as hair shampoos, hair conditioners, hair colour, hair serums, hair sprays as well as other hair styling products. Different types of nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, quantum dots, polymers, hydrogels as well as dendrimers have been used for this purpose. Therefore, these nanoparticles have better skin penetration, non-toxicity and effective carrier. Their research found that a deodorant made from nanoparticles - hundreds of times smaller than peach fuzz - eliminates odours up to twice as effectively as today's gold standard. Cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles has also been reported by some researchers. Moreover, resveratrol encapsulated SLNs showed more efficient penetration into stratum corneum thus suggesting to be a promising alternative to be used in skincare products due to its lasting antioxidant properties [136]. CLSM images of uptake of upconversion nanoparticles coated with polymers with uptake by HaCaT cell lines. The review presents the benefits and the harmful effects of nanoparticles in cosmetics along with a brief insight into the type of nanoparticles majorly used in the cosmetic industry [5, 1214]. Nanoliposomes and liposomes can be synthesized through the methods of sonication and microfluidization. Albumin, pristine-based nanospheres along with modified starch or gelatine-based nanospheres are mainly biodegradable in nature while polylactic acid (PLA) presents the non-biodegradable type of nanospheres. The active ingredients are adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles which act as a vehicle for the delivery. The presence of ROS in the environment has been observed to be harmful to phytoplanktons thereby causing serious damage to the aquatic ecosystem. AgNPs synthesized by using Albizia lebbeck flowers showed biocompatibility against the cell lines A549 revealed as the nanoparticles did not affect the viability of cell lines at a concentration range of 2 g per ml to 50 g per ml [190]. The appropriate properties of protein nanoparticles have made them one of the important options in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Various oral care products have included these nanohydroxyapatite nanomaterials in dentifrices and mouthwashes, and because of remineralization and desensitization nature, nano-hydroxyapatite can be a substitute for fluoride toothpaste [9496]. Then one-third part of the microfluidized sample was taken away for size analysis and the remaining volume was again passed through it for the 2, 5 wt% lipid phase + 95 wt% aqueous phase 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer premix blending the lipid and aqueous phases together for 2 min at RT coarse emulsions passed through an air-driven microfluidizer at various homogenization pressures, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), Solvent emulsification-evaporation technique, Drug + core material + coat material + chloroform evaporated in rotary evaporator+ 10 ml PBS+ sonication to form lipid nanoparticles. Both forms of arbutin, i.e., -arbutin and - arbutin, have been immensely used in beauty products because of their hyperpigmentation and antioxidant properties. Along with the size of nanoparticles, the chemical nature of nanoparticles also affects the human system. Genotoxicity of AuNPs was reported as nonphototoxic, nongenotoxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing according to OECD guidelines. Note:Not all commercially available types of zinc oxide, iron oxide and titanium dioxide are nano. Physical methods avoid NP solvent contamination but it is not negligible to consume a large quantity of energy for condensation . The polymers attached with nanocapsules affect the dimensions of particles. These chitosan NPs entrapped and - arbutin have been observed to show higher stability and greater bioavailability as compared to their free forms thus proving chitosan NPs a promising carrier for topical delivery in skin whitening formulations [123, 124]. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm) can be used to treat cancer due to their specific advantages such as biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, more excellent stability, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. It is due to the high abundance in nature, minimal toxicity and economic nanoclay nanotubes have high demand in hair care products [111113]. Ultrasound is another method for preparing lipid nanoparticles using high energy. Although there is still a lot of work to be done to establish the exact effects of these particles on human health, the researchers are advocating against their use. These problems can be managed preliminarily by using oral care products containing nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. Later the second section highlights the pros of nanomaterials in cosmetics. Metal-based nanoparticles have been exploited for their antioxidant properties thereby nullifying the effect of free radicals contributing to anti-aging. Publishing, Phospholipid components + cholesterol in chloroform (2:1 v/v) filtration, the addition of Glass beads with 550, Components of the liposomes + distilled water or buffer (Dispersion), Place in the tank of the microfluidizer + air regulator to maintain operating pressure + collect, put the product at above phase transition temp, under inert conditions using N. Dissolution of surfactant in diethyl ether followed by injection of solution through a 14-gauge needle into an aqueous solution of drug maintained at 60C. In the worst case, it can produce toxic effects. In the best case scenario, this might lead to lung inflammation. There is a wide usage of nanoparticles in anti-aging products because of their carrier nature [151, 152]. The benefits of nanomaterials in cosmetic formulations are huge. Age-Defence Complete Skincare Collection for Dry / Sensitive Skin, All You Need To Know About Nanoparticles in Cosmetics, The zinc oxide and the titanium dioxide we use is considered fine with particles between 1 and 2 microns. The SLN being hydrophobic in nature, the particles are able to protect the skin from dehydration and to maintain the moisture of the skin. This leads to the increased penetration of nanoparticles through the skin and affects the cells of the human body. The use of carbon nanotubes has been observed to impart black color to human hair without damaging it. Presently there is a lot of debate about AuNPs cytotoxicity, as it depends on the variety of parameters such as size, shapes, cell lines used in toxicity assays, concentrations and coatings of nanoparticles, incubation time, synthesis method, surface functionalization [2729]. These nanoparticles which have been intended to be used in the repair of damaged coloured hair have shown promising results by promoting hair shine, softness, tangibility thereby restoring hair health in addition to maintenance of hair colour [130]. These lipid nanoparticles are promising carrier systems as compared to conventionally used carriers such as nanoemulsions, liposomes. The colourless lipid particles improve the appearance of cosmetic products. The usage of nanoparticles should fall under the limits of REACH and the main aim of it is to provide information regarding the safe usage of nanoparticles. 3D tissue engineering constructs (3D TECs) were used to test the cytotoxicity of upconversion nanoparticles having a coating of polymers [37]. This document gives an idea about the safety concerns of nanomaterials in cosmetics and proposes to support interested companies in the recognition of significant safety measures and their evaluation ways. What Is Face Mapping & How To Read Your Skin? Nanoparticles are defined as being between the range of 1-100 nanometers in size. Nanoparticles can cause lung damage. This system makes an efficient and precise delivery of actives present in cosmetics. The delivery of antioxidants to the skin could be possible with the help of these carriers. For example, silver nanoparticles have been reported to show excellent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These are basically used in the sprayable form. Niosomes are formed by non-ionic surfactants which were first established by Handjani-Vila et al. When used in a non-airborne form though, Titanium dioxide is considered safe. The evenness to the cosmetics creams can be offered by the incorporated nanoparticles along with full and even coverage of the skin. As the skin gets exposed to various factors such as pollution, smoke, harmful sunlight rays it results in the formation of ROS. The oxidation of liposomes may cause quality deterioration of liposomes. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrochemical anodization processes have also been widely used methods for the fabrication of carbon nanotubes [54, 55]. Crossing the skin barrier and entering into the bloodstream is the main concern in the case of cosmetics. Exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles for a prolonged period of 21 days has been observed to decrease the proportion of viable embryos in zebrafish thereby affecting its reproduction severely [185]. In that process liposomes depending on the pore size of the filters employed and structurally modified to large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) or nanoliposomes [39, 58, 59]. Because of such characteristics of the dendrimers, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules are enclosed into dendrimers [73]. Chitosan nanoparticles have been used for entrapping -arbutin and - arbutin. The risk of nanoparticles can depend upon the hazard and the exposure [170]. To get an idea how small they are, we will tell you that they are 80,000 times smaller than the width of ahuman hair, or that they are as big as 1/5,000th the thickness of a sheet of paper. Some of the advantages include improved UV protection, stronger structure, improved electrical conductivity, improved texture, and longer shelf life. The Importance Of Ashwagandha For Health, Beauty & Wellbeing. Copyright (2019) from Elsevier. CNTs are highly light in weight and with dimensions of 0.7 to 50 nm in diameter, with lengths of approximately 10 s of microns [109]. Ubiquinone (UQ) containing poly-(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres are being stable, efficient and have the ability to control the release of actives present in the cosmetics. These nanoemulsions are used in various hair sunscreens, shampoos, skin and deodorants. Moreover, further research focusing on newer ways to reduce nanoparticle toxicity should be undertaken which in turn would increase its applicability in the cosmetic industry. Due to the presence of significant properties of nanomaterials, the nanotechnology field has been growing to a greater extent as a large number of publications on this field can provide the evidence. These results suggest that green AuNP is a promising ingredient for cosmetic applications. The prime route of exposure to nanomaterials is skin specifically the stratum corneum. Have in mind, though, that the field is vaguely regulated and manufacturers are not required to mention the use of nanoparticles on their labels. It promised to bring improved performance, and aesthetically more pleasing results (read: smoother skin surface andglowing complexion). Health Concerns Studies have indicated that low solubility nanoparticles tend to be more toxic than larger particles of the same material. Therefore, these can be considered as drug delivery vehicles [65, 66]. It is imperative to assess the intracellular activity and function of nanoparticles, for the development of effective and safe nanoparticles to be used in cosmetics [158165].