Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. That was of enslaved Africans. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. In the European race to colonial dominance, the Treaty of Tordesillas legitimized Spains holdings in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. [59], The Spanish brought new crops for cultivation. How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? 1494: Columbus arrives in Jamaica. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. 5, p. 453. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, "Cochineal Production and Trade in New Spain to 1600", Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, The Political Force of Images, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 15201820, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1151061142, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. 15501600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. Choose the statement (s) that highlights the difference between social movements and other forms of collective behaviors such as fads and fashions. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. Q3: Option B. Direct link to dcervante0051's post what were the spanish ast, Posted 5 years ago. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . The Central African Empire was a short-lived and self-proclaimed "imperial" one-party state ruled by an absolute monarch that replaced the Central African Republic. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Once on the mainland, where there were dense indigenous populations in urban settlements, the Spanish could build a Spanish settlement on the same site, dating its foundation to when that occurred. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. Collier, Simon. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. Direct link to David Alexander's post Leaving native people alo, Posted 5 years ago. By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. Rowe, John. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." The crown relied on ecclesiastics as important councilors and royal officials in the governance of their overseas territories. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. Melville, Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico. Terraciano, Kevin. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. Q. [131] Religious orders along with the Jesuits then embarked on further evangelization in frontier regions of the empire. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. [3] Alarmed by the precipitous fall in indigenous populations and reports of settlers' exploitation of their labor, the crown put in place laws to protect their newly converted indigenous vassals. Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. Cook, Noble David. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was drawn by the British along the Appalachian Mountains. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. Settlements/Geography Borah, Woodrow. 1992. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. [78] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. In southern Central and South America, settlements were founded in Panama (1519); Len, Nicaragua (1524); Cartagena (1532); Piura (1532); Quito (1534); Trujillo (1535); Cali (1537) Bogot (1538); Quito (1534); Cuzco 1534); Lima (1535); Tunja, (1539); Huamanga (1539); Arequipa (1540); Santiago de Chile (1544) and Concepcin, Chile (1550). history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. So did the Caste System decide who got certain rights and places of power or was it merely a way of categorizing the people? Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. Image credit: By 1600, Spain had reaped substantial monetary benefits from New World resources. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. Spanish colonial missions in North America are significant because so many were established and they had lasting effects on the cultural landscape. providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. [130] [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. Neither was effective in its purpose. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. [citation needed] In Peru, the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. The exchange did not go one way. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. Timeline of the European colonization of North America Who had? American colonies | Facts, History, and Definition | Britannica Chapter 4 Inquizitive- Hist 11 Flashcards | Quizlet Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. In Mexico, conquistadors found great golden treasures, including great discs of gold, masks, jewelry, and even gold dust and bars. Spanish Colonies | United States History I Direct link to Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary)'s post The Aztecs witnessed the , Posted 4 years ago. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. 2, p. 99. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. [35][36], Argentina was not conquered or later exploited in the grand fashion of central Mexico or Peru, since the indigenous population was sparse and there were no precious metals or other valuable resources. [154][155] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shoot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". [citation needed]. Their legacy is firmly a part of our national story and patrimony, and it highlights the common heritage the United States shares with Spain, Mexico and Latin America. The first mainland explorations by Spaniards were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. Select the correct answer. [45] In 1565, Spain established a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida, lasting in one way or another until modern times. When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. The purpose, they said, was to protect the American colonists, though the actual reason probably had more to do with wanting to 'keep an eye' on them. Smaller islands claimed by Spain were lost to the English and the Dutch, with France taking half of Hispaniola and establishing the sugar-producing colony of St-Domingue, as well as also taking other islands. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. Spain also produced impressive art at this time. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. Direct link to Michael Fulcher's post How did spain handle all , Posted 3 years ago. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. Why didn't the spanish just leave the natives alone after the natives killed the men? "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. The correct statements regarding the culture and geography of Latin America are as follows - . [20][21][22], The capture of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, by Corts was not a brilliant stroke of innovation, but came from the playbook that the Spanish developed during their period in the Caribbean. chapter one Inquizitive questions Flashcards | Quizlet [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. Direct link to trell2267's post Why didn't the spanish ju, Posted 3 years ago. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. From that misperception the Spanish called the indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Indians" (indios), lumping a multiplicity of civilizations, groups, and individuals into a single category. The. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group.
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